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Imagenes De Anime De Gamer Y Otakus

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Imagenes De Anime De Gamer Y Otakus

Someone highly interested in anime and manga

The Akihabara neighborhood of Tokyo, a popular gathering site for otaku

Otaku (Japanese: おたく , オタク , or ヲタク) is a Japanese word that describes people with consuming interests, particularly in anime and manga. Its gimmicky apply originated with a 1983 essay by Akio Nakamori in Manga Burikko. Otaku may exist used as a pejorative with its negativity stemming from a stereotypical view of otaku as social outcasts and the media'south reporting on Tsutomu Miyazaki, "The Otaku Murderer", in 1989. Co-ordinate to studies published in 2013, the term has become less negative, and an increasing number of people now identify themselves as otaku ,[ane] both in Japan and elsewhere. Out of 137,734 teens surveyed in Japan in 2013, 42.two% self-identified equally a blazon of otaku .[1]

Otaku subculture is a central theme of various anime and manga works, documentaries and academic enquiry. The subculture began in the 1980s as irresolute social mentalities and the nurturing of otaku traits past Japanese schools combined with the resignation of such individuals to what was then seen every bit inevitably condign social outcasts. The subculture's birth coincided with the anime smash, after the release of works such as Mobile Accommodate Gundam before it branched into Comic Market. The otaku subculture connected to abound with the expansion of the internet and media, every bit more anime, video games, shows, and comics were created.[two] The definition of otaku later became more complex, and numerous classifications of otaku emerged. In 2005, the Nomura Research Constitute divided otaku into twelve groups and estimated the size and market impact of each of these groups. Other institutions have split it further or focus on a single otaku interest. These publications classify distinct groups including anime, manga, camera, automobile, idol and electronics otaku . In 2005, the economic touch on of otaku was estimated to exist as high as ¥two trillion (U.s.a.$eighteen billion).[iii]

Etymology [edit]

Otaku is derived from a Japanese term for another person'southward house or family unit (お宅, otaku ). The give-and-take tin can be used metaphorically, equally a office of honorific spoken communication in Japanese as a second-person pronoun. In this usage, its literal translation is "you". Information technology is associated with some dialects of Western Japanese and with housewives, and is less direct and more afar than intimate pronouns, such as anata, and masculine pronouns, such as kimi and omae.[iv]

The origin of the pronoun'due south use among 1980s manga/anime fans is unclear. Science fiction fans were using otaku to accost owners of books by the late 1960s (in a sense of "Do[es] [your dwelling house] ain this book?").[five] Eiji Ōtsuka posits that otaku was used because it allowed people meeting for the first time, such every bit at a convention, to interact from a comfortable distance.[iv] One theory posits that otaku was popularized equally a pronoun by science fiction author Motoko Arai in a 1981 essay in Variety mag,[4] and another posits that it was popularized by fans of anime studio Gainax, some of whose founders came from Tottori Prefecture in western Japan (where otaku is unremarkably used).[half dozen] The pronoun was likewise used in the popular anime Macross, get-go aired in 1982, by the characters Hikaru Ichijyo and Lynn Minmay, who address each other as otaku until they get to know each other meliorate.[seven] [8] [9]

The modern slang form, which is distinguished from the older usage by existence written in hiragana (おたく), katakana (オタク or, less often, ヲタク) or rarely in rōmaji,[x] showtime appeared in public soapbox in the 1980s, through the work of humorist and essayist Akio Nakamori. His 1983 series 'Otaku' Research ( 『おたく』の研究 , "Otaku" no Kenkyū ), printed in the lolicon magazine Manga Burikko, applied the term as pejorative for "unpleasant" fans, attacking their supposed poor manner sense and physical appearance in particular.[11] Nakamori was particularly critical of "manga maniacs" oriented to beautiful girl characters,[eleven] and explained his label otaku every bit the term of accost used between junior high schoolhouse kids at manga and anime conventions.[12]

In 1989, the instance of Tsutomu Miyazaki, "The Otaku Murderer", brought the fandom, very negatively, to national attention.[13] Miyazaki, who randomly chose and murdered iv girls, had a drove of 5,763 video tapes, some containing anime and slasher films that were found interspersed with videos and pictures of his victims. Later that twelvemonth, the contemporary noesis magazine Bessatsu Takarajima dedicated its 104th issue to the topic of otaku . It was called Otaku no Hon ( おたくの本 , lit. The Book of Otaku ) and delved into the subculture of otaku with 19 articles by otaku insiders, among them Akio Nakamori. This publication has been claimed by scholar Rudyard Pesimo to have popularized the term.[14]

Usage [edit]

In modern Japanese slang, the term otaku is mostly equivalent to "geek" or "nerd" (both in the broad sense; a technological geek would be gijutsu otaku ( 技術オタク )) and an academic nerd would exist bunkakei otaku ( 文化系オタク ) or gariben ( ガリ勉 )), but in a more derogatory manner than used in the West.[xiii] Nevertheless, information technology can relate to any fan of whatever item theme, topic, hobby or form of entertainment.[thirteen] "When these people are referred to every bit otaku , they are judged for their behaviors - and people of a sudden meet an otaku as a person unable to relate to reality."[fifteen] [16] The give-and-take entered English as a loanword from the Japanese language. It is typically used to refer to a fan of anime/manga but can also refer to Japanese video games or Japanese culture in full general. The American magazine Otaku USA popularizes and covers these aspects.[17] [xviii] The usage of the word is a source of contention among some fans, attributable to its negative connotations and stereotyping of the fandom. Widespread English language exposure to the term came in 1988 with the release of Gunbuster, which refers to anime fans every bit otaku . Gunbuster was released officially in English language in March 1990. The term'due south usage spread throughout the Usenet grouping rec.arts.anime with discussions about Otaku no Video 's portrayal of otaku earlier its 1994 English language release. Positive and negative aspects, including the debasing usage, were intermixed.[18] The term was also popularized by William Gibson's 1996 novel Idoru, which references otaku .[19]

Sub-culture [edit]

Morikawa Kaichirō identifies the subculture as distinctly Japanese, a product of the school arrangement and club. Japanese schools have a class structure which functions as a caste system, but clubs are an exception to the social hierarchy. In these clubs, a student's interests will be recognized and nurtured, catering to the interests of otaku . Secondly, the vertical structure of Japanese order identifies the value of individuals by their success. Until the tardily 1980s, unathletic and unattractive males focused on academics, hoping to secure a good job and ally to raise their social standing. Those unable to succeed socially focused instead on their interests, often into adulthood, with their lifestyle centering on those interests, furthering the creation of the otaku subculture.[13]

Fifty-fifty prior to the coinage of the term, the stereotypical traits of the subculture were identified in a 1981 issue of Fan Rōdo (Fan road) about "culture clubs".[xiii] These individuals were fatigued to anime, a counter-civilization, with the release of hard science fiction works such as Mobile Suit Gundam. These works allowed a congregation and development of obsessive interests that turned anime into a medium for unpopular students, catering to obsessed fans. After these fans discovered Comic Market, the term was used as a cocky-confirming and self-mocking collective identity.[13]

The 1989 "Otaku Murderer" case gave a negative connotation to the fandom from which it has not fully recovered. The usage of "(interest) otaku ", however, is used for teasing or self-deprecation, but the unqualified term remains negative.[13] The identification of otaku turned negative in late 2004 when Kaoru Kobayashi kidnapped, sexually assaulted, and murdered a seven-year-former first-class student. Japanese announcer Akihiro Ōtani suspected that Kobayashi's crime was committed by a member of the figure moe zoku fifty-fifty earlier his abort.[xx] Although Kobayashi was not an otaku , the degree of social hostility against otaku increased. Otaku were seen by police enforcement equally possible suspects for sexual activity crimes, and local governments called for stricter laws controlling the depiction of eroticism in otaku materials.[21]

Not all attention has been negative. In his book, Otaku , Hiroki Azuma observed: "Betwixt 2001 and 2007, the otaku forms and markets quite rapidly won social recognition in Japan", citing the fact that "[i]n 2003, Hayao Miyazaki won the University Award for his Spirited Away; effectually the same time Takashi Murakami accomplished recognition for otaku -like designs; in 2004, the Japanese pavilion in the 2004 International Architecture exhibition of the Venice Biennale (Biennale Architecture) featured otaku . In 2005, the give-and-take moe - 1 of the keywords of the present book - was chosen as one of the acme ten "buzzwords of the yr."[22] The quondam Prime Minister of Japan Taro Aso has as well claimed to be an otaku, using this subculture to promote Japan in strange diplomacy.[23] In 2013, a Japanese study of 137,734 people found that 42.ii% cocky-identify as a blazon of otaku . This study suggests that the stigma of the word has vanished, and the term has been embraced by many.[1]

Places [edit]

The district of Akihabara in Tokyo, where there are maid cafés featuring waitresses who dress up and human activity like maids or anime characters, is a notable allure center for otaku . Akihabara also has dozens of stores specializing in anime, manga, retro video games, figurines, card games and other collectibles.[24] Another pop location is Otome Road in Ikebukuro, Tokyo. In Nagoya, students from Nagoya Urban center University started a projection on ways to help promote hidden tourist attractions related to the otaku civilization to attract more otaku to the city.[25]

Subtypes [edit]

In that location are specific terms for different types of otaku , including Fujoshi ( 腐女子 , lit. "rotten girl"), a cocky-mockingly pejorative Japanese term for female fans of yaoi , which focuses on homosexual male relationships.[26] Reki-jo are female otaku who are interested in Japanese history. Some terms refer to a location, such as Akiba-kei , a slang term pregnant "Akihabara-style" which applies to those familiar with Akihabara's civilisation. Another is Wotagei or otagei ( ヲタ芸 or オタ芸 ), a type of cheering that is office of Akiba-kei. Other terms, such every bit Itasha ( 痛車 ), literally "painful car", depict vehicles who are busy with fictional characters, specially bishōjo game or eroge characters.[27] [28]

Media [edit]

Otaku oftentimes participate in self-mocking through the production or interest in sense of humour directed at their subculture. Anime and manga otaku are the bailiwick of numerous cocky-disquisitional works, such every bit Otaku no Video, which contains a live-interview mockumentary that pokes fun at the otaku subculture and includes Gainax's own staff as the interviewees.[29] Other works describe otaku subculture less critically, such every bit Genshiken and Comic Party. A well-known light novel, which later on received a manga and anime adaptation, is Welcome to the Northward.H.One thousand., which focuses on the subcultures popular with otaku and highlights other social outcasts such equally the hikikomori and NEETs. Works that focus on an otaku character include WataMote, the story of an unattractive and unsociable otome game otaku who exhibits delusions virtually her social status;[30] and No More Heroes, a video game well-nigh an otaku assassin named Travis Touchdown and his surrealistic adventures inspired by anime and manga.[31] Media most otaku too exist outside of Japan, such every bit the American documentary Otaku Unite! which focuses on the American side of the otaku culture,[32] and the Filipino novel Otaku Girl which tells the story of a virtual reality earth where otaku tin role-play and use the powers of their favorite anime characters.[33]

Types and classification of Japanese otaku [edit]

Railfans or Anoraks taking photos of trains at an annual depot open-day consequence in Tokyo in Baronial 2011

The Nomura Inquiry Institute (NRI) has made two major studies into otaku , the starting time in 2004 and a revised written report with a more than specific definition in 2005.[34] [35] The 2005 study defines twelve major fields of otaku interests. Of these groups, manga (Japanese comics) was the largest, with 350,000 individuals and ¥83 billion market scale. Idol otaku were the next largest group, with 280,000 individuals and ¥61 billion. Travel otaku with 250,000 individuals and ¥81 billion. PC otaku with 190,000 individuals and ¥36 billion. Video game otaku with 160,000 individuals and ¥21 billion. Automobile otaku with 140,000 individuals and ¥54 billion. Animation (anime) otaku with 110,000 individuals and ¥20 billion. The remaining five categories include Mobile Information technology equipment otaku , with 70,000 individuals and ¥8 billion; Audio-visual equipment otaku , with 60,000 individuals and ¥12 billion; camera otaku , with 50,000 individuals and ¥xviii billion; mode otaku , with 40,000 individuals and ¥13 billion; and railway otaku , with 20,000 individuals and ¥4 billion. These values were partially released with a much college estimation in 2004, but this definition focused on the consumerism and not the "unique psychological characteristics" of otaku used in the 2005 study.[34] [35]

NRI's 2005 report likewise put along five archetypes of otaku . The commencement is the family unit-oriented otaku , who has broad interests and is more mature than other otaku ; their object of involvement is secretive and they are "cupboard otaku ". The second is the serious "leaving my own mark on the world" otaku , with interests in mechanical or business personality fields. The third type is the "media-sensitive multiple involvement" otaku , whose diverse interests are shared with others. The fourth type is the "outgoing and believing otaku ", who gain recognition by promoting their hobby. The last is the "fan mag-obsessed otaku ", which is predominately female with a small group of males being the "moe type"; the secret hobby is focused on the production or involvement in fan works.[35] The Hamagin Research Plant plant that moe-related content was worth ¥88.8 billion ($807 one thousand thousand) in 2005, and one analyst estimated the market could be as much equally ¥2 trillion ($18 billion).[3] Nihon-based Tokyo Otaku Mode, a place for news relating to otaku , has been liked on Facebook nigh 10 million times.[36]

Other classifications of otaku interests include Vocaloid, cosplay, figures and professional person wrestling as categorized by the Yano Enquiry Institute. Yano Research reports and tracks market growth and trends in sectors heavily influenced by otaku consumerism. In 2012, it noted effectually 30% of growth in dating sim and online gaming otaku , while Vocaloid, cosplay, idols and maid services grew by x%, confirming its 2011 predictions.[37] [38]

Cocky-identified otaku [edit]

Well-known people who self-identify as otaku include Marie Kondo, who said in a 2020 interview with ForbesWomen that "I credit being an otaku (a geek) with helping me to focus securely, which definitely contributed to my success."[39]

See as well [edit]

  • Akiba-kei
  • Daicon Iii and 4 Opening Animations
  • Hikikomori
  • Japanophile
  • Nijikon

Notes [edit]

References [edit]

  1. ^ a b c Jakusoso, Michael (27 April 2013). "自分のことを「オタク」と認識してる人10代は62％、70代は23％" [62% of Teens place as "otaku", lxx's 23%]. Mynavi. Archived from the original on 3 July 2013. Retrieved 4 February 2014.
  2. ^ Okamoto, Takeshi (2014). "Otaku Tourism and the Anime Pilgrimage Phenomenon in Japan". Japan Forum. 27: 12–36. doi:10.1080/09555803.2014.962565. S2CID 145267918.
  3. ^ a b "Otaku Business Gives Japan'due south Economy a Lift". Spider web-Japan.org. 30 August 2005. Archived from the original on xiv March 2014. Retrieved 19 August 2013.
  4. ^ a b c Galbraith 2012, p. sixteen.
  5. ^ Bolton, Christopher; Csicsery-Ronay Jr., Istvan; Tatsumi, Takayuki, eds. (2007). "Introduction". Robot Ghosts and Wired Dreams: Japanese Science Fiction from Origins to Anime. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. p. xxii. ISBN978-0-8166-4974-7.
  6. ^ Galbraith 2009, p. 171.
  7. ^ Galbraith 2009, p. 172.
  8. ^ Zhen, Jiang Yu (Jan 2000). オタク市場の研究 (Otaku Shijou no Kenkyuu) / Targeting Otaku. 野村総合研究所 (Nomura Research Constitute) / Shang and Zhou (Chinese Edition). ISBN978-986-124-768-7.
  9. ^ "Episodes three (スペース・フォールド/Supēsu Fōrudo/Space Fold) and four (リン・ミンメイ/Rin Minmei/Lynn Minmay)". 超 時空 要塞マクロス (Chō Jikū Yōsai Makurosu/Super Dimensional Fortress Macross). Season 1 (in Japanese). October 1982. MBS (Mainichi Broadcasting Arrangement).
  10. ^ Galbraith, Patrick W.; Kam, Thiam Huat; Kamm, Björn-Ole, eds. (2015). Debating otaku in gimmicky Japan : historical perspectives and new horizons. London: Bloomsbury. pp. vii–8. ISBN978-1-4725-9497-6. OCLC 897946266.
  11. ^ a b Galbraith 2019, p. 55.
  12. ^ Alt, Matt (seven Apr 2008). "Can Otaku Honey Like Normal People?". Néojaponisme . Retrieved four Baronial 2021.
  13. ^ a b c d eastward f g Morikawa, Kaichirō (twenty April 2012). "おたく/ Otaku / Geek". Center for Japanese Studies UC Berkeley. Archived from the original on 3 Nov 2018. Retrieved 13 August 2013.
  14. ^ Pesimo, Rudyard C. (2007). ""Asianizing" Animation in Asia: Digital Content Identity Construction within the Animation Landscapes of Japan and Thailand". Reflections on the Human being Status: Modify, Conflict and Modernity. The Japan Foundation. p. 167.
  15. ^ "Otaku: Is information technology a dirty word?". cnnblogs.com. 12 September 2011. Archived from the original on 22 May 2013. Retrieved nineteen Baronial 2013.
  16. ^ "Japan's two-D Lovers: Falling In Love with a Body Pillow". gizmodo.com. July 23, 2009. Archived from the original on Dec 1, 2013. Retrieved Baronial 19, 2013.
  17. ^ "Dwelling house - Otaku United states Magazine". Otaku U.s.. Archived from the original on 13 September 2013. Retrieved 14 August 2013.
  18. ^ a b Eng, Lawrence (February 28, 2012). "Chapter iv: Strategies of Appointment: Discovering, Defining, and Describing Otaku Culture in the United States". In Ito, Mizuko; Okabe, Daisuke; Tsuji, Izumi (eds.). Fandom Unbound: Otaku Culture in a Connected World. Yale University Press. pp. 85–104. ISBN978-0-300-15864-9.
  19. ^ Gibson, William (2001-04-01). "Mod boys and mobile girls". The Observer. London. Archived from the original on July 6, 2008. Retrieved Baronial 19, 2013.
  20. ^ "公開質問状 (Open letter )". NGO-AMI (in Japanese). 2004-12-09. Archived from the original on 2008-05-01. Retrieved 2008-03-04 .
  21. ^ Hoffman, Michael (February 6, 2005). "Otaku harassed as sex-crime fears mountain". The Japan Times. Archived from the original on Dec 16, 2007. Retrieved Baronial 19, 2013.
  22. ^ Azuma, Hiroki (April x, 2009). "Preface". Otaku. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. p. xi. ISBN978-0816653515 . Retrieved January 31, 2014.
  23. ^ "Otaku uses manga and anime to improve Foreign Affairs". 23 August 2008. Archived from the original on three June 2013. Retrieved fifteen August 2013.
  24. ^ "Akihabara". japanguide.com. July 24, 2013. Archived from the original on April 27, 2011. Retrieved August nineteen, 2013.
  25. ^ Chunichi Shimbun credited (2013-02-02). "'Cosplay' students promote Nagoya's highlights". The Japan Times. Archived from the original on 2013-07-01. Retrieved 2013-02-08 .
  26. ^ Saitō, Tamaki (2007). "Otaku Sexuality". In Bolton, Christopher; Csicsery-Ronay Jr., Istvan; Tatsumi, Takayuki (eds.). Robot Ghosts and Wired Dreams. Translated by Bolton, Christopher. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. p. 224. ISBN978-0-8166-4974-vii.
  27. ^ Hardigree, Matt (23 July 2009). "Itasha: Japan'due south Creepiest Auto Fetish". Jalopnik. Archived from the original on 27 July 2013. Retrieved xiii Baronial 2013.
  28. ^ "Behold. A Fleet of Cars Owned by Nerds". Kotaku. 11 October 2011. Archived from the original on 24 August 2013. Retrieved xiii August 2013.
  29. ^ Sevakis, Justin (15 November 2007). "Buried Treasure - In Praise of Nerdiness". Anime News Network. Archived from the original on 29 July 2013. Retrieved 13 August 2013.
  30. ^ "Sentai Filmworks Licenses WataMote ~ No Thing How I Look at it, It'south You Guys' Fault I'm not Popular!". Anime News Network. ix July 2013. Archived from the original on 24 August 2013. Retrieved 13 August 2013.
  31. ^ Fletcher, JC (2007-08-29). "Travis Touchdown has a comfortable habitation life". Joystiq. Retrieved 2007-09-21 .
  32. ^ Dong, Bamboo (2 March 2004). "Otaku Unite! - Review". Anime News Network. Archived from the original on 24 August 2013. Retrieved 13 August 2013.
  33. ^ Hannigan, Carl. "Otaku Girl (Book Review): Where Memes and Literature Mix". Vocalization Media Group. July one, 2021
  34. ^ a b Kitabayashi, Ken (one December 2004). "The Otaku Group from a Concern Perspective: Revaluation of Enthusiastic Consumers" (PDF). Nomura Research Constitute. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 May 2012. Retrieved 12 August 2013.
  35. ^ a b c "New Market Calibration Interpretation for Otaku: Population of i.72 One thousand thousand with Market Scale of ¥411 Billion — NRI classifies 5 types of otaku grouping, proposing a "New 3Cs" marketing frame —". Nomura Research Establish. six October 2005. Archived from the original on 13 July 2012. Retrieved 12 August 2013.
  36. ^ Martin, Rick (February ane, 2013). "Tokyo Otaku Style has ten million Facebook fans just at present what". Startup-dating.com. Archived from the original on August xvi, 2013. Retrieved August 19, 2013.
  37. ^ "Otaku Market in Japan: Key Enquiry Findings 2012". Yano Research Constitute. Oct 15, 2012. Archived from the original on 30 June 2017. Retrieved 12 August 2013.
  38. ^ "Otaku Market in Nippon: Key Research Findings 2011" (PDF). Yano Research. 15 Oct 2011. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 December 2014. Retrieved 12 Baronial 2013.
  39. ^ "Marie Kondo on Sparking Joy in a Pandemic and the Life-Irresolute Magic of Becoming a KonMari Consultant". Forbes.

Works cited [edit]

  • Galbraith, Patrick W. (2012). Otaku Spaces. Seattle: Chin Music Press. ISBN978-0-9844576-5-vi.
  • Galbraith, Patrick W. (2009). The Otaku Encyclopedia. Tokyo: Kodansha.
  • Galbraith, Patrick W. (2019). Otaku and the Struggle for Imagination in Nippon. Durham: Duke University Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctv1220mhm. ISBN978-1-4780-0509-4. JSTOR j.ctv1220mhm. OCLC 1148100778. S2CID 240980856.

External links [edit]

  • "I'm alone, just non lone" – an early article most Japanese otaku, December 1990
  • https://world wide web.academia.edu/35783297/Léthique_otaku_Tous_seuls_ensemble_la_crise_de_contact_et_autres_troubles_des_sens_1999 Article in French by Maurice Benayoun
  • The Politics of Otaku – a general commentary on the usage and meanings of "otaku" in Nihon and internationally, September 2001
  • An Introduction to Otaku Movement, paper past Thomas Lamarre
  • Meet the Geek Aristocracy, Wired Magazine, July 2006
  • Michael Manfé – Otakismus (in German)

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